Plagiarism and the Internet :: Cheating Education Essays

Plagiarism and the Internet The consequences of plagiarism ar both legal and schoolman. Plagiarism has been a concern in America since the founding fathers wrote the Constitution empowering the Legislative branch to protect intellectual and creative works. Today plagiarism can be good accomplished due to the World Wide Web. If people violate copyright laws, they ar subject to fines and imprisonment. When people choose to plagiarize, they are restricting their level of academic learning. The people who have done the research and posted it on the web will not receive the credit that they deserve. To plagiarize is to take ideas or books from another and pass them off as ones own (Websters New World Dictionary). It is extremely easy to access information on the World Wide Web. The proliferation of computers and printers in libraries, schools, and homes has enabled voluminous information to be accessible to all. This access has tempted some people to use others writi ngs as their own. Many students instantly find it easy to plagiarize in order to fill up pages, and hand a paper in on time. A national adopt published in Education Week found that 54% of students admitted to plagiarizing from the Internet (Plagiarism.org). While this may seem like a good idea to some, the coterie is not worth the consequences. When students plagiarize, they no longer read or sort the material they are simply printing out someone elses work. Those students are basically going through the motions of learning. Another danger of plagiarizing is that you may be using false information from the Web. Students who thoroughly research and sort the information are helping themselves. Evaluating the information and drawing their own conclusions improves the student academically and intellectually. Persons are usually penalized for plagiarism in their academic setting. In most universities a psyche will receive an F for the class without refund. So metimes the person may face monetary fines and will be banned from extracurricular activities (Plagiarism Q&A). The College of New Jersey has little tolerance for those who plagiarize. If a student is caught plagiarizing, the faculty member will first decide whether or not the students violations were intentional.

Critical Response: Jack London :: Biography Biographies Essays

Critical Response Jack London Jack London, a healthy known American author, has written a fair share of truly classic works. The Call of the Wild and White Fang are staples of middle and high develop reading requirements. His other novels, such as The People of the Abyss and Sea Wolf are not as well known, just are dormant regarded as brilliant pieces of literature by many scholars. Lesser known are his many volumes of short stories To Build a Fire being the around popular. I cannot say that I have read even a small percentage of Londons works, but from what I have read, I noticed almost recurring similarities. During the semester in class, we have learned how authors utilize various elements of writing to enlighten their point more prominent. For Jack Londons earlier works, his Yukon setting and rugged, adventurous characters seem quite frequently. Such is the case with the three stories I chose to study Love of Life, The League of the Old Men, and To Build a Fire. Along with this, I believe that the root word of endurance appears in these three, as well as many other stories from London. I took it upon myself to try and find out why London used survival as his main theme. To demonstrate this recurring theme, I will give a brief synopsis of the three stories. To Build a Fire is a story about a man who is traveling alone in the frozen Yukon. He knows that it is not safe to be traveling when it is so cold, but stubbornly keeps moving. He falls through a crack in the ice, wetting his feet. In order to stay alive, he must build a fire, warm his feet and move on. Despite several attempts, the man fails and dies. Of the fourteen pages within To Build a Fire, eight of those are devoted to the events of the man trying to make a fire the other six mainly focus on the setting. The mans determination to build the fire is evident-a simple annoyance at the beginning leads to a frantic demise at the end. The plot was as si mple as one mans attempt to survive against nature.

Depreciation of the Candaian Dollar :: essays papers

Depreciation of the Candaian DollarCanada has been increasing its prestige as a high-tech, industrial, society since the block up of World War II. In many ways it resembles very closely its southern North American cousin, the United States. Some of those similarities are residing in its market-orientated system, cast of production, and its high standard of living. Most years following the war up to the present, Canada has experienced some kind of continued growth as a palmy and developed country. However, during the year of 1998, Canada experienced an unexpected large depreciation in their dollar relative to the United States. Late in August of that year, in fact, the nourish r apieceed an all-time low. During this paper, I will try to present some of the possible economic factors that may or may not have led to this adjustment in Canadas swap rate. I will also examine some additional analysis and theories as to why the trend possibly occurred. switch over RateAs the yea r 1998 approached, the trend for the Canadian dollar was on a steady decrease in value in relation to the U.S. dollar. With each passing year the dollar lost some value as the table below demonstrates.Year 19901995199619971998Exchange Rate1.161.381.361.381.48All data tables extrapolated from the Cambridge Forecasts hoidenish Report, unless otherwise noted. It took an exceptional hit during the year, moving the rate from 1.38 U.S. dollars to 1.48 in U.S. dollars. The plunge is better exhibited in Appendix 1, with the sharp decrease of the dollar illustrated graphically and to a greater extent specifically, with Appendix 2 showing the drop throughout the year of 1998 alone. Growth RateIn terms of growth rate, the years leading up to the exchange rate drop in 1998 showed very typical numbers. There was nothing out of the ordinary, or anything to hint at a sharp decrease in the value of the Canadian dollar. As highlighted below, up to 1998, the economy was growing at a slow but steady rate each year. Both the impart Gross Domestic Product and percentage of GDP real growth were increasing overall.Year 19901995199619971998GDP (bill. of U.S. $)573966584044611602631193603978Year 19901995199619971998GDP Real Growth (%)N/A2.31.63.73.1However as the numbers for 1998 indicate, the depreciation of the dollar definitely took a significant chunk out of the Total Gross Domestic Product, falling it below 1996s levels.

Quality Management Systems and Vocational Education Assessment Essay

lineament Management Systems and Vocational Education Assessment feel direction systems such as Total feel Management (TQM), Quality Control (QC), and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000 focus on the continuous returns of products and services, guest satisfaction, and participatory manage-ment. Although much has been written virtually bore management systems and their application in business, industry, and (more recently) pedagogics, little connection has been made between these systems and educational assessment. This paper explores the third most prestigious awards recognizing quality improvement in business and industry and describes how the criteria for business and industry assessments of quality can be correlated with vocational education assessment. Quality Improvement Awards The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award recognizes quality improvement among manufacturing, service, and small business. The primary goal of the Baldrige Award is custom er satisfaction. The award criteria reflect the future(a) seven categories (Izadi et al. 1996, p. 62) leadership, information analysis, strategic quality planning, human resource development and management, management of process quality, quality and operational results, and customer focus and satisfaction. The Deming Application Prize, establish in honor of Dr. W. Edward Deming, is awarded to companies that continually contribute Company-Wide Quality Control and have achieved a certain quality standard (ibid.). The focus of this award is quality work of Demings 14 points, which are verified done the use of statistical methods. The judging criteria consist of 10 major categories (ibid.) (1) policy and objectives, (2) organiza... ...try and education, and suggest strategies for implementation. References Bailey, T., and Merritt, D. Making Sense of Industry-Based accomplishment Standards. Berkeley, CA National summation for question in Vocational Education, 1995. (ED 389 897) Clery, R. G. ISO 9000 Quality Systems Application to Higher Education. October 4, 1993. (ED 363 163) Inger, M. Alternative Approaches to Outcomes Assessment for Postsecondary Vocational Education. Berkeley, CA National Center for Research in Vocational Education, 1995. (ED 389 849) Izadi, M. et al. Quality in Higher Education Lessons Learned from the Baldrige Award, Deming Prize, and ISO 9000 Registration. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education 33, no. 2 (Winter 1996) 60-76. bread State Council on Vocational Education. Standards and Assessment. A Working Paper. Lansing, MI MSCOVE, 1996. (ED 393 981) Quality Management Systems and Vocational Education Assessment EssayQuality Management Systems and Vocational Education AssessmentQuality management systems such as Total Quality Management (TQM), Quality Control (QC), and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000 focus on the continuous improvement of products and services, customer satisfaction, and pa rticipatory manage-ment. Although much has been written about quality management systems and their application in business, industry, and (more recently) education, little connection has been made between these systems and educational assessment. This paper explores the three most prestigious awards recognizing quality improvement in business and industry and describes how the criteria for business and industry assessments of quality can be correlated with vocational education assessment. Quality Improvement Awards The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award recognizes quality improvement among manufacturing, service, and small business. The primary goal of the Baldrige Award is customer satisfaction. The award criteria reflect the following seven categories (Izadi et al. 1996, p. 62) leadership, information analysis, strategic quality planning, human resource development and management, management of process quality, quality and operational results, and customer focus and satisfact ion. The Deming Application Prize, established in honor of Dr. W. Edward Deming, is awarded to companies that continually apply Company-Wide Quality Control and have achieved a certain quality standard (ibid.). The focus of this award is quality achievement of Demings 14 points, which are verified through the use of statistical methods. The judging criteria consist of 10 major categories (ibid.) (1) policy and objectives, (2) organiza... ...try and education, and suggest strategies for implementation. References Bailey, T., and Merritt, D. Making Sense of Industry-Based Skill Standards. Berkeley, CA National Center for Research in Vocational Education, 1995. (ED 389 897) Clery, R. G. ISO 9000 Quality Systems Application to Higher Education. October 4, 1993. (ED 363 163) Inger, M. Alternative Approaches to Outcomes Assessment for Postsecondary Vocational Education. Berkeley, CA National Center for Research in Vocational Education, 1995. (ED 389 849) Izadi, M. et al. Quality in Highe r Education Lessons Learned from the Baldrige Award, Deming Prize, and ISO 9000 Registration. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education 33, no. 2 (Winter 1996) 60-76. Michigan State Council on Vocational Education. Standards and Assessment. A Working Paper. Lansing, MI MSCOVE, 1996. (ED 393 981)

Compare and Contrast the writings of Confucius, Hammurabi, and the boo :: essays research papers

Three of the mostfamous writings from ancient civilizations are the writings ofConfucius, Hammurabis code of laws, and Egypts Book ofthe Dead. At first, they seem rattling different, theyre fromdifferent times, regions, and religions, but they all offer apeek into what values ancient wad considered important. cardinal of the values that all three civilizations is justice andfairness. I feel that this is best viewed in Hammurabis laws.All of the penalties for the crimes are very stiff, but fair. I feelthat it is fair that "If he has broken the offset of a patrician, hislimb shall be broken" Its like in the Bible "An eye for an eye,and a tooth for a tooth." In Egypt, in the Book of the Dead,a art object couldnt proceed into the later on life unless he was foundinnocent of any wrong doing on Earth. In Confuciuswritings, he never actually says the word "justice", but hedoes say "Great Man cherishes excellence petty larceny Man, hisown comfort. Great Man cherishes the rules and regulationsPetty Man special favors." To me, that mean "Great Man isfair, Petty man is unfair." The second of these three values isresponsibility and respect to ones family and elders, andresponsibility and respect to others families and elders. Thisis most evident in Confucius writings. He is constantlystressing family values and responsibility. One abduce thatshows this is "Let the sole sorry of your parents be that youmight become ill." This stresses personal responsibility andrespect to your parents. Hammurabi showed responsibilityby saying "If a detergent builder has built a house for a man, and hasnot made his work sound, and the house he built has fallen,and caused the death of the mans son, the builders son shallbe put to death." That quote shows a mans responsibility forhimself and his family. In Egypt, during the ritual of the dead,it is said that the dead man, in order to pass into the afterlife,must profess that he h as not done anything to damage anyone.This shows responsibility because if the man did not tell thetruth, he was responsible for not entering the afterlife.Knowing that they would be responsible for their actions, theEgyptians tried not to hurt people in their mortal lives. Thefinal value that all three cultures had in common was beingtruthful. All three cultures relied heavily on the truth. InHammurabis laws, it says "If a man has borne false witnessin a trial, or has not established the statement that he hasmade, if that case be a capital trial, that man shall be put to

Compare and Contrast the writings of Confucius, Hammurabi, and the boo :: essays research papers

Three of the mostfamous writings from ancient civilizations are the writings ofConfucius, Hammurabis law of laws, and Egypts book of account ofthe Dead. At first, they seem very different, theyre fromdifferent times, regions, and religions, but they all offer apeek into what determine ancient people considered important.One of the values that all lead civilizations is justice andfairness. I feel that this is best viewed in Hammurabis laws.All of the penalties for the crimes are very stiff, but fair. I feelthat it is fair that "If he has broken the limb of a patrician, hislimb shall be broken" Its like in the Bible "An eye for an eye,and a tooth for a tooth." In Egypt, in the Book of the Dead,a man couldnt proceed into the after life unless he was foundinnocent of any wrong doing on Earth. In Confuciuswritings, he never genuinely says the word "justice", but hedoes say "Great Man cherishes excellence Petty Man, hisown comfort. Great Man cherishes the r ules and regulationsPetty Man special(prenominal) favors." To me, that mean "Great Man isfair, Petty man is unfair." The second of these three values is indebtedness and respect to ones family and elders, andresponsibility and respect to others families and elders. Thisis most evident in Confucius writings. He is constantlystressing family values and responsibility. One quote thatshows this is "Let the sole sorry of your parents be that youmight become ill." This stresses personal responsibility andrespect to your parents. Hammurabi showed responsibilityby saying "If a builder has built a house for a man, and hasnot made his work sound, and the house he built has fallen,and caused the dying of the mans son, the builders son shallbe put to death." That quote shows a mans responsibility forhimself and his family. In Egypt, during the ritual of the dead,it is said that the dead man, in order to pass into the afterlife,must sham that he has not done anythi ng to hurt anyone.This shows responsibility because if the man did not tell thetruth, he was prudent for not entering the afterlife.Knowing that they would be responsible for their actions, theEgyptians tried not to hurt people in their mortal lives. Thefinal value that all three cultures had in common was beingtruthful. All three cultures relied heavily on the truth. InHammurabis laws, it says "If a man has borne false witnessin a trial, or has not established the statement that he hasmade, if that reference be a capital trial, that man shall be put to

Fashion in 20 Years

Erika Annalisa Sagh 2MEI 20 years of change? The over abundance in brands, the constant development for new products and the continual demand for innovation in style, willing certainly remain relevant in 20 years as much as it does today. Fashion will develop quickly in the fields of production development and undoubtedly work forward instead of reliving the passed. notwithstanding, the most intriguing changes in the forge cosmea within the neighboring 20 years will be noticeable in the domains of manufacturing and sustainable revitalization of products and how they will connect.In application of the current European crisis it is clear that people are becoming more conscious of where there money is being spent and how they can possibly save more wisely. The morality behind the importance of service and supporting your own economic system will forever remain, though whether it will be practiced whitethorn technic everyy be notwithstanding a theory. westward cultures will co ntinue to seek cheap manufacturing alternatives in second and third world countries, because it offers the possibility to over-produce and support the fast fashion dependance.As the evolution in economy triggers a direct growth within the field of manufacturing, the everlasting demand for innovating and luxurious goods will incline as well. These points all aid in allowing effective consumption within the coming years to multiply from its current state. If the future predicts to experience a noticeable growth of consumers, rising to approximately 1. 8 billion, it would be of no surprise that more brands will emerge and companies will be looking into producing their garments and products more quickly to feed the demand.The demand will undoubtedly raise an abundance of opportunities for the fashion effort, as developments in style, textile and processing will be forced to transpire. However, as a state for humanity these so called windows of opportunities will possibly not create revolutionary changes. Accounting chinawares current regression in foreign manufacturing demand, a shift from this current fashion driven plain to another developing country may occur.The demand from western-based countries to China is slowly diminishing based mainly upon the fact that quoted prices affirm gilded beyond comfort. Though China is beginning to manage their organizations better, it raises some issues of whether western demand will remain located or as previously mentioned, shift. China does expect their economy to grow within the upcoming years, however this growth may account solely for domestic demand. In order to continually be apart of the fashion realm, China may have to keep their prices low or have the government interfere.More of the Chinese population is gradually becoming slight interested to work in factories, art object more comfortable positions within a store or hotel are sought after. In short, as the country grows away from the communistic regime t he people will desire a much more comfortable lifestyle away from poor conditions and factory work. like a shot it is not to say that the manufacturers in other upcoming worlds wont be categorized as sustainable. Its a known fact that the fashion industry is classified as one of the most polluting industries in the world, and much more focus is now being spent on how to change this.From the amount of fertilizer used in cultivating cotton to the abundant quantity of chemicals exhausted in processing plants, it is evident that the creation of fashion is drastically aiding in the progression of world(prenominal) warming. Though due to the size of the industry, any small changes such as the conservation of fresh water or the protection of environmental status would help. Eva Kruse, hot seat of the Nordic Fashion Association has already begun gathering support from celebrities and international designers to discuss sustainable options.With already 1000 people aboard, their long-term goal is to finally declare sustainability as a worldwide fashion value. Though they aspire to soon take part in united nation conferences and create a code of conduct for the industry, the possibility of eliminating cheap manufacturing is nearly impossible. It is not saying that if the sector reacts to aspects of this code that it will not create a great impact, but that redesign, reuse and recycle will take precedence over fair wages. Clothing will be designed using biodegradable materials such as bamboo, milk or recyclable plastics and polyester.Clothing will no longer be apart of landmass and the environment itself will be considered more green and clean. However as stated, the use of these materials is undoubtedly more expensive to produce and manufacture into garments. Sustainable machinery will become more expensive to buy and maintain, while health codes, which will be implied, will also account for a raised budget. Since it will be the big companies, which will drive the d emand they will be able to influence the consumers to agree with sustainability but perhaps not price.Prices can fluctuate gradually, however the public will never agree to pay preposterously high amounts. As fast-fashion will not fade within the near future, people will still demand new seasons and more collection in order to satisfy their materialistic and trendy needs. Companies will have to agree in saving money through cheaper labour and not expect all products to be produced closer to home. Countries such as India, Bangladesh and Cambodia will most likely become visited terrain for production instead of China, whereas the likeliness of African labour is more ambiguous due to the unstable status of the government and disruption.In conclusion, there are many solutions available in creating a more sustainable fashion industry, however these solutions may be quicker to realize than the issue of fair trade itself. I believe that people are not ready to give up their addiction to buying, and fast fashion is not just a trend but also a new way of life. The idea of minimalistic buying will have to develop slowly within society, it may visible in 50 years but 20 years seems too soon. The categorized second world countries such as China are progressively becoming first world and it is unsurprising that their production price quotes are higher than before.I believe that if the fashion industry takes a strong shift towards sustainability that affordable manufacturing in second and third world countries will be sought out, to balance and maintain cheaper ticketed prices. In the future, the world may look different because certain countries, which are currently related directly to fashion, may disappear or even change their status, while new countries will appear in order to realize this sustainable aspiration. First step, be kind and save the planet we live on. Second step, fuck off a way to live in a fair trade world.

Problem Solving Essay: Cigarette Smoke

Shay Orial English 112 10am Professor Kate Belknap February 24, 2013 Cigarette Smoke Stinks Growing up many of my family members were potfulrs. I remember the horrible smell that stuck to their breath, clothes, and lingered nearly their house. It has been roughly eight years since I have smelled that nasty stench and I would like to continue to not smell these harmful fumes part here at cobalt Mesa University.In 2006, Colorados Clean Indoor Air Act was passed, limiting smoking in numerous treat and public places, including restaurants and bars. Millions are now free from the dangerous toxic tobacco smoke at work. However, many are still exposed to tobacco smoke where they live and learn like students at Colorado Mesa University. In the Colorado Mesa University Annual 2012 Clery Security/Fire Safety Report, it states that the State of Colorado has a smoke free building policy and Colorado Mesa dwelling halls are also smoke free.You cannot smoke within any residence hall or apart mentif you want to smoke you can only do so in designated areas outside the halls and/or apartments and more than forty feet absent from the residence halls and apartments (20). Although this keeps students that live on campus in the residence halls, or in apartments, safe from the harmful fumes inside their dorms there isnt any manage that protects them when they are outside the campus. A solving to this problem would be to make Colorado Mesa University a completely smoke-free campus. That means smoking anyplace on campus is prohibited.This protects the non-smokers from secondhand smoke. Amanda Talbert the author of the article The Effects of victimized Smoke says non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke increase their risk for lung cancer by 20 to 30 percent, and the heart disease risk increases by 25 to 30 percent. By making this school a smoke-free campus we are shielding thousands of quite a little from numerous people. For those smokers who have to have their smoke break they would need to go off campus somewhere to smoke so that they are not contaminating the nervous strain of the students and staff on campus.Another solution which is connected to my first is to only allow electronic keisters on campus but have the same regulations as cigarettes. An electronic cigarette is a substitute to smoked tobacco merchandises. Jack Stone the author of the article Electronic Cigarettes-No Smoke says this is the best for those who have an urge to smoke regularly and also do not want to annoy the other people who are sitting near or close by or fifty-fifty passers-by. There is no nasty smell.Stone explains when a consumer inhales through the gadget, air flow is perceived by a feeler, which activates a heating part that vaporizes a nicotine solution amassed in the mouthpiece the consumer must press a switch to turn on the heating part to generate vapor which is then breathed in by the consumer. In Stones article Electronic Cigarettes Vs. Tobacco he says t he only things you are forfeiting are the toxics and tar, and you will be saving a lot of funds too. A starting kit costs start from thirty dollars up to sixty dollars depending on which pack you want.Stone says nearly all electronic cigarettes are reusable devices with disposable and refillable elements. The refills start at fifty cents and go up to a dollar in price. Also because you are only inhaling nicotine it eliminates a lot of health risks that are present with regular cigarettes. I understand that a habit is hard to break. My grandma was a smoker for twenty five dollar bill years before she quit eight years ago. However, if she was still smoking today I would recommend that she switch to electronic cigarettes. It is less harmful because there isnt tar just nicotine and cleaner for the air.There is no awful smell that sticks to your clothes and your body nor secondhand smoke. Electronic cigarettes benefit the smokers and non-smokers. Technology has taken oer our lives in many aspects, now its changing the way people smoke and not affecting the people who dont. Work Cited Talbert, Amanda. The Effects of Secondhand Smoke. ehow. N. p.. Web. 24 Feb 2013. . Stone, Jack. Electronic Cigarettes-no smoke. Electronic Cigarettes Web. N. p. , 22 Nov 2010. Web. 24 Feb 2013.

Learning Theory and Behaviorism

Learning Theory and BehaviorismOctober 16, 2012 Wundts Structuralism Goal was to analyze the structure of conscious experience into its elements and components and their associative relationships. It was a form of metal chemistry Developed of the technique introspection, which requires trained introspectionists to look inward and show/analyze the contents of their experience to a input password Edward Titchner brought structuralism to the U. S. Cornell university controversying 1000s of elements of consciousness William James James studied with Wundt, save rejected a static description of the elements of the mind. James intellection the mind and consciousness to be adaptive function that envolved just as whatever other adaptive function Therefore, proper study of the mind is to colligate its characteristics to purposeful, adaptive appearance. Hence the rise of functionalism. James was professor of psychology at Harvard Principles of Psychology James wrote this Titles were stream of thought, memory, reasoning, emotion, will, effects of experience Edward Thorndike In the late 1800s at Harvard, drawing from James and functionalism and also Darwins ideas of evolution of species and their adaption to environment, he studied the progress cats made in solving a puzzle by schooling a desired that is instrumental in bringing more or less desired outcome Notion of stimulus- solvent (reflexive vs. rational) was already firmly in the thinking of leading philosophers at the time, in the field of education Ivan Pavlov In 1904, Pavlov received the Nobel prize for his work on the chemistry of digestive juices in saliva His work with dogs required collection large amounts of saliva for chemical analyses. Done through a tube surgically implanted in dogs salivary gland and accordingly simulating salvation with dried meat powder Un qualified. Dried meat powder is an unconditional stimulus 9UCS) in that it always triggers the response of salivating. We call the response unconditional response (UCR).Needs no learning Many pleasure, pain, and emotional responses and tastes and smells ar unconditional Psychic Reflex Pavlov and associates observed that dogs would often begin salivating before they were tackle and before the meat powder Pavlov switched his path of study this psychic reflex Studies are among the most famous in psychology. Type of learning he describes is cognize as classical condition or glandular conditioning Conditional. Stimulus in effect becomes a signal that the dog will be harnessed, presented with the meant, and will be salivating. The dog must perceive this connecter. Its meaning and power as a signal depends on its reliability. Its meaning and power are conditional on its place in time and its frequency in the sequence, becoming conditional stimulus (CS). The psychic reflex becomes a Conditional response. Prior to experience of a connection to the UCS, all events are neutral in meaning with respect to UCS. Conditioning involves responding to a CS with a CR in anticipation of the feature of the UCS-UCR pair. Learning Conditional response (CR) is the learned response to the conditional stimulus (CS) which gained meaning to the extent it anticipates the UCS-UCR pain. The CR is potentially a adaptive response, a preparatory response The UCS-UCR pair do not re-occur, then the power of the CS to trigger a CR is weakened. The CS no linger bring about the CR-extinction. Higher order conditioning The CS must occur fairly closely in time to the UCS-UCR pain- interstimulus interval (CS & UCS) However once a CS has gained the power to anticipate the UCS, other neutral stimuli close in time to the CS will become conditioned. A CS signal the coterminous CS, which signals the next CS and so on until the original CS signals the UCS-UCR pain-higher order conditioning. Historical context The pressure of universal education brought pressures for psychologists and educators to study the processes o f learning Alfred Binet (advocate from France) developed a test to measure abilities so as to place students in the proper grade.Concepts of intelligence and IQ soon followed Darwins possibleness of evolution suggests that as a species of human beings evolved from lower forms of animal life. Though the gap in the midst of animals and human life remained wide in terms of language, thought, and civilization, question was just how intelligent are animals, are they closer to humans are intelligent than animals lower Industrial revolution post revolutionary Russia and USA saw an ability to take egalitarian societies and make it a brighter and stronger future, training an efficient workforce.John B. Watson 1878-1958 Studied animal intelligence. He sought to move psychology more toward the empirical, deterministic physical sciences Empirical, means of the senses of implying info used in the science is observable, public, and objectively measured. Determinism implies a search for th eories of cause and effect, identification of Aristotles immediate cause Behaviorists in control Reshaping human friendship in the US and Soviet Union Philosophical behaviorism belief that consciousness was an epiphenomenon Methodological behaviors belief that observable objective measures of behavior are go against over introspective self-report Operant Conditioning Skinner says the opportunity of a response to the correct stimulus is more or less equal to that of any other response to other available stimuli. If the response to a stimulus brings about desired consequence, then the sequence of stimulus-response more likely repeated. Trial and wrongful conduct is as en equal probability for all possible responses on Trial 1 Terms Reinforcer sequence of stimulus-response consequence makes stronger the bond between the stimulus and the response Operant or instrumental response behavior which bring about the consequence Skinner prefers to understand reinforcement as that whic h changes the probability of the response to the stimulus Reinforcer vs. musical accompaniment Reinforce is an event, a consequence that follows the response to a stimulus and is perceived to be connected to the response Reinforcement is a state of being that arises from the act of consuming or enjoying Positive reinforce is a positive rewarding consequence to response to a stimulus all is good and youll do it again Negative reinforer is a painful consequence to the response to a stimulus decreases probability of the response to that stimulus In negative reinforcement sequence is stimulus, response, negative strengthenerm escape response(which removes negative reinforce) positive reinforce.Total package negative reinforcement. Probability of an escape/ evasion response is increased and the first response is decreased. Primary and secondary reinforcement Primary natural one that does not gift to be learned.Satisfy biological needs like hunger, thirst secondhand consequenc e whose value must be learned through experience come through companionableization and subsequent learning Primary positive reinforcer satisfies a natural need (food if youre hungry, water if thirsty) Primary negative reinforcer causes physical pain and discomfort (injury, illness) Secondary positive reinforcer satisfies social and psychological needs (good grade, smile, kiss) Secondary negative reinforcer socially punishing (failing grade, public slander, rejection letter) Classical and instrumental combined A primary positive reinforcer=unconditional stimulus that follows some behavioral conditional response to conditional stimulus. Conditional stimulus is a secondary positive reinforcer Contingency connection between a stimulus, response, and a consequence. One perceives the stimulus and performs the response expected extinction when stimulus no longer elicits a response b/c reinforcer no longer appears superstition one perceives a contingency when in fact there is none helplessness perceiving no contingency between a stimulus and a response nd any desirable consequence, making no response fixed ratio pattern is predictable changeable ratio pattern is random Resistance to extinction skinner defines strength of learning as how resistance the acquired response to a stimulus is to extinction variable ratio schedule maintains responding far longer than fixed ratio fixed interval schedule gives reinforcer tot the last response as a certain interval of time elapses Psychological and emotional distempers A behavioral analysis of psychological & emotional disorders includes the assumption that the symptoms (inappropriate behaviors, thoughts, or emotions) are acquired in a learning environment (i. e. not due to genetics or physiological dysfunctions or unconscious conflicts). Behavior therapy tries to extinguish the inappropriate responses to stimuli & train appropriate responses. behavioural analysis of a phobia Phobia = learned, acquired fear o Intense fear or anxiety reaction to an event, classically conditioned by icon to frightening, threatening, or painful stimulus. Instrumentally conditioned escape/avoidance behavior that takes very few trials, maybe only one trial to learn Obsessive autocratic disorder Obsessive state = intense drive state, often accompanied by images, thoughts, memories, desires, etc. related to drive state an identity Compulsive = behavior that corrects for or deals w/ the threat to the driving identity. Ritualized by repetition & success at keeping anxiety at bay. Compulsive behavior may acquire in ii ways o 1.Person once praised for something & now seeks praise to maintain good feeling o 2. Person once punished for something & and so becomes anxious when this event occurs and does whatever to avoid punishment Behavioral analysis of anxiety and conflict The conflict of drives, stimuli, responses & consequences will result in indecision, inefficiency, & anxiety. Dollard & miller list the following An approach-approach conflict where two mutually exclusive positive consequences follow a response to two similar stimuli.The greater the emotional importance of the pickax & the greater the finality (or temporal impact) of the choice, the greater the conflict o Choosing whom to marry vs. choosing which friend to call o Choosing a book to read vs. choosing a pictorial matter to watch on a weekend night o Choosing a car/house to barter for vs. choosing a brand of frozen pizza to buy in the store An avoidance-avoidance conflict where two mutually exclusive negative consequences follow a response to two similar stimuli. Resolved in a manner similar to approach-approach. Choosing to cope with knee pain or having knee surgery o Choosing to write a paper or study for a test o Choosing any math course An approach-avoidance conflict where two aspects of the same stimulus are in contradiction, one positive, one negative. o Enjoying the caller-up of a friend, who also tends t o get loud & obnoxious at parties. The conflict arises when the friend asks you to go to the party with her/him. o Contemplating a trip to Europe, but you have a fear of flying Behavioral analysis of anxiety & conflict The tension in approach-avoidance conflict in inter soulfulnessal relationships often forces a person to create a safe-zone in which, on the one hand, the person is not so far away from the other such that one needs to approach, but yet, on the other hand, the person is not so close that one needs to avoid the other. Often the zone is defined or verbalized in terms of emotional involvement, interpersonal distance, intimacy, time together, mode of communication, etc. were just friends meaning not lovers, cousins, or strangers. The safe zone evolves. It is negotiated b/t the two persons in the relationship to their mutual satisfaction, though true mutuality is often difficult to achieve. Also, conditions may change it over time, especially due to factors such as distan ce, other relationships, new info, etc. Depression Result of a generalized learned helplessness. Helplessness learned when most instrumental escape or avoidance responses to a primary or secondary negative reinforce fail to bring about relief through a cessation of the punishment, discomfort.Inactivity/apathy describe lack of instrumental responses pain, numbness, sadness are the classically conditioned emotional responses. Dissociative disorder Dissociative disorders, such as dissociative identity disorder (split personality) involves learning a new repertory of behaviors, thoughts, & emotions that are appropriate (and therefore reinforced) in a new environment along side of a previously learned repertory of behaviors, thoughts and emotions that are appropriate in a different prior environment Prior environment associated w/ punishmentSchizophrenia double bind theory of schizophrenia child raised in a home environment of confusing/contradictory messages from at least one vola tile, toxic parent. The childs behavior is not predictably right/good, wrong/bad. The child grows up never sure or relaxed, but stressed and anxious. Child emerges chronic mistrust of his or her ability to behave, think, etc. he/she learns to behave as if disconnected from reality B. F. Skinner wrote beyond freedom and dignity were already life in a behavioral society.

In this play, suicide is an act forbidden by religion Essay

To be, or not to be cries a torn small town in Shakespeares tragedy, Hamlet. This is not the first time that Hamlet reflects upon his macrocosm and thinks about committing suicide. In this play, suicide is an act forbidden by religion and society that one may take into meanation only after laid low(p) with unbearable grief.In Hamlets case, he is stuck between living a horrible flavor that may not seem worth living, and fetching his own life to end the cruelty of it, which he claims he would if God had not made it forbidden. Subsequently, Hamlet fuels his fire to live and not follow the course of study of suicide by remembering his duty as a person, which for him is to avenge his murdered father before it is too late.Before we can understand Hamlets popular predicament to be or not to be as a whole, we must make sure that we define the concepts that are severalize in his situation to place ourselves in Hamlets depressing shoes. For one, suicide is a broad, varying act that has different meanings to different people in different times. For the people of Hamlets casteting, it was an atrocious, intentional act that only the horrid sinners would commit against the almighty Biblical God.Even after death, the people heretofore looked down upon the dead that did not pass naturally into the afterlife by holding a funeral that only genocidal dictator would be worthy of one that conglomerate throwing rubble into the pit of the dead instead of pious flowers and ornaments. Also, though, what must be considered is the situation a person might be in. For example, if you live a life that involves lying in a dreadful hospital bed with very little consciousness and no sense of elation, one might argue, from a Christian viewpoint, that it is not immoral to kill yourself.Whether or not someone believes in a supreme being, one generally has morals. Morals are a set of rules or schemas that people follow and live by which they create, edit, and alter throughout their live s. In Hamlet, we see that almost everyone holds a heavy, negative view against suicide. The play leads us to think that suicide is something that is unnatural and undeniably immoral.When Ophelia dies, many people believed it was suicide, while others assumed it was an accidental death (Act IV, scene vii). Depending upon which side they took, their culminating feelings towards Ophelia was created based on their sign assumptions.The gravediggers or clowns that spoke during Ophelias funeral procession question whether she will receive a proper, Christian burial, or if she will be treated like a bag of bones and skin, essentially, and be buried in an unfavorable fashion. Though the situation pointed towards suicide, Ophelia received a funeral that was Christianesque mainly because of her royal blood (Act V, scene i). This ad hoc example from the play shows us how immoral suicide, to the people of the play, really was.Where do the roots of morals lie? The answer exists in religion. The characters of Hamlet all consider religion and the laws of it to be of utmost importance. In Hamlet, Christianity is the only religion mentioned and is followed by practically everyone. Considering most people were very religious, we can infer that they followed the rules very fast and criticized those that did not, even if it was they. In one of Hamlets soliloquies, we learn that one of the few things preventing Hamlet from ending his miserable life is the commandment of God.Or that the interminable had not fixd His canon gainst self-slaughter If it were not against the will of God, Hamlet would have considered suicide even more and maybe even committed the treacherous act. Christianity condemns suicide (Act I, scene ii). The people of the play follow Christianity rigorously. Therefore, the people of the play look down upon suicide mainly because of their religious views.